Oils workshop review

An introduction to oil painting by Melissa Wishart 
One Saturday in mid-February, 17 of our members took part in a day-long workshop all about oil painting, delivered by well-known Wiltshire artist, Melissa Wishart. 
These workshops are exclusively for Lacock Art Group members and it’s great to have expert artists/tutors like Melissa giving us their undivided attention to help us learn and improve our art. Melissa’s workshop was the first one featuring the use of oils.
Several attendees have considerable experience of painting with oils while others’ experience of the medium is limited to non-existent, so a few of us approached the day with some trepidation! We needn’t have worried; Melissa pitched the tone perfectly for all levels of experience, with good humour, knowledge, and a relaxed, guiding hand.
To find out more about Melissa’s art and background please visit her website.
In addition to this blog post about the workshop, please take a look at the Oils Workshop gallery page to see more images from the day. 

Melissa Wishart

Workshop in full swing

First steps and fundamentals
Melissa started us off on the fundamentals of oil paint, and surface; paint brands to use, canvas vs boards, and went on to talk about dilutants (to thin the paint), and techniques like glazing (transparent layers of paint that reflect light). Other tips include:

• Use brushes that are as big as possible.
• The energy in your body and how you make marks is key to painting well – use long sweeping strokes. Go for it. Be bold, confident and enthusiastic.
• Oil painting brushes were traditionally made of hog hair but nowadays some very good synthetic ones are available, which are perfectly serviceable.
• A silicone wedge is a useful tool to apply paint to large areas of the canvas.
• Try out different ways of making marks eg upwards brush strokes.
• Use a palette that’s as large as possible so that you have space to mix multiple colours. If you’re just starting with oils a sheet of palette paper is adequate. Cover it with cling film when finished to prevent it from drying out. For the workshop Melissa used a large glass mirror – flat and smooth – as her palette. She advises against using a palette with section dividers because it’s harder to mix and dance among the colours on these.
• Work from dark colours to light, oils can take it – the reverse of watercolours where you work from light to dark.
• A point of interest is that the name ‘canvas’ stems from bygone times when sailcloth material was used as a painting surface.

Exercise 1 – palette preparation and colour mixing
Melissa explained that with oils, the bulk of the work of a painting happens on the palette, through colour mixing, and recapped on warm and cool colours (warm = red, orange, yellow, cold = green, blue, magenta). Our first task was to lay out a palette, putting large blobs of paint around the edge of the palette in a circle, following the colour wheel sequence: Titanium White, Lemon Yellow (for brighter greens), Cadmium Yellow Deep, Yellow Ochre, Cadmium Red, Burnt Sienna, Ultramarine Blue (aka French Ultramarine), Burnt Umber, and Cerulean Blue. 
Using a palette knife (not a brush), in the middle of the palette we mixed a large amount of grey, either from Ultramarine, Burnt Umber and White, or from black and white. This grey, which Melissa calls her ‘mothership’, forms the basis of all mid-tones. We then put blobs of grey around the palette and mixed them with a spot of each colour to mute them. A palette knife is easier for mixing as you can simply wipe it clean with a rag. It’s important not to contaminate different colours on the brush because you tend to end up with muddy colours.

Laying out a colour palette

Colour mixing

Composition essentials
Having sorted out our palettes ready for action, the workshop moved to the topic of composition. Careful planning here is key – this applies to all drawing/painting not just oil painting, of course. We would be painting a landscape or a seascape during the workshop, a scene of our own choice. 
Melissa suggested using a viewfinder to select the section of the reference picture that interests you most. For a painting to be successful it’s crucial for the artist to have an emotional connection with the subject matter. Our tutor guided us through a number of decisions that need making, in particular:

• First decide what the focal point is to be. This is the main point of interest in a painting, and it’s the artist’s responsibility to direct the eye towards it. 
• Next decide where to place the focal point within the composition. Keep in mind the ‘golden mean’ (or rule of thirds) in art to inform your choice. This is a rule of thumb guide that involves dividing the canvas into thirds vertically and horizontally; the four intersection points where the lines cross are the best places for a focal point. Melissa explained that research shows that the top left intersection point is the most effective from a visual standpoint, partly because our eyes are used to reading across a page from left to right.
  
• Then decide where to put the horizon line - high or low, but not in the middle of the composition. If the sky is stormy with lots of interesting clouds put your horizon lower down the painting so that the sky is a main feature. Conversely, if the sky is the plain blue of a hot, still, summer’s day it’s not going to be visually interesting, so put your horizon line higher up the composition so that the focus is on the foreground of the scene (which is hopefully more visually interesting than the sky!).
  
• Use pathways (figuratively speaking) within the composition to lead the viewer through the scene to the focal point.

Exercise 2 – composition thumbnails
We each brought a couple of reference photos with us to the workshop to base our paintings on. To help us decide on our compositions, Melissa tasked us with drawing four quick thumbnail sketches of our scene to explore and experiment with different compositions. Decide on the view that works best for you, that piques your interest and engages you, she said. Is it better portrait or landscape? What should you leave out of the composition? Where are the light and dark areas?

Golden mean, or rule of thirds, explained visually - the blue lines show division into thirds, horizontally and vertically.

Composition thumbnails - landscape views on right

Mark making 
Having settled on a preferred composition, we then got to work with the paints. Melissa asked us to bring along two canvasses, or boards, suitable for use with oils, about A3 in size, and primed with a ground of burnt sienna acrylic paint.
On the first canvas Melissa asked us to sketch the main lines of our painting with a brush. Next we applied an initial layer of paint to block in the different colours of the main areas, using a palette knife or a silicone wedge to spread the paint on. The wedge allows large areas of the canvas to be covered quickly. We continued to build up our paintings, adding more colour, trying different strokes, blending colours as we painted, and gradually adding more detail.
Melissa encouraged us to use the second canvas to experiment with applying paint thickly – this is known as ‘pasto’. It produces different textures to the painting, adds variety and depth. It’s also useful practice for those who usually use watercolours or pastels, which have a uniform texture. One or two of us, however, tried this out on our first canvas!
She also suggested we try out different techniques to vary the type of marks made on the canvas. 

• Make scratch marks with twigs.
• Splattering is another useful technique, but be sure to mask out areas that you don’t want splatters to go. Use a toothbrush, and add Sansodor fluid (by Winsor & Newton) to loosen the paint enough to splatter. This technique is good for breaking up the surface and adding depth and works well for sand (and gravel). 
• Dribbles - add more fluid to the paint to really loosen it up and tip the board to make it run down. 
• Use the edge of a palette knife to make sharp, straight lines (such as for long grass).

Summing up
Everyone thought the workshop went incredibly fast, which is always a good sign. We all had a great time and learnt a lot, thanks to Melissa’s calm guidance and expertise. She remarked that our group was full of energy, enthusiasm and had a keen willingness to get stuck in. Some of us even surprised ourselves with the paintings we produced on the day! Plus, there may even be a few oils converts among us. With grateful thanks to Melissa for sharing her knowledge with us, and apologies for forgetting to include her in one of our results photos - mainly due to the mayhem involved in herding people into groups!

Finally, if you'd like to see Melissa's work she is exhibiting with Maxine Harraway in Bath at the Pop Up Art Studio Gallery in Milsom Place from 22 March to 7 April, 2024. For those who'd like to take their oil painting further with Melissa she's holding a two day summer school in Bradford-on-Avon on 30-31 May, 2024. Information is available on her website.